Oral disorders among older Chileans: prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability / Prevalência, incidência e anos vividos com incapacidade por doenças bucais no Chile

OBJECTIVE: Prior epidemiological surveys revealed that Chile experiences a high burden of oral diseases. However, no prior study has reported estimates of untreated dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism over a three-decade period for the country. Using estimates of the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019, the objective of this study is to report the trends of prevalence, incidence, and years-lived with disability (YLDs) due to untreated dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism in Chilean older adults between 1990 and 2019. METHODS: Estimates of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs due to dental caries, periodontitis, and edentulism were produced for Chile, by age and sex, between 1990 and 2019, using Dismod-MR 2.1. Trends of oral disorders were analyzed using generalized linear regression models applying the Prais-Winsten method. RESULTS: Untreated dental caries and periodontal disease showed an increase in prevalence and YLDs, whereas edentulism prevalence, incidence, and YLDs decreased in all older adults age groups. The incidence of dental caries decreased in the younger groups and increased in the older age groups; while the incidence of periodontal disease increased in the younger and decreased in the older age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the burden of oral diseases in older Chileans increased between 1990 and 2019. This was particularly relevant for untreated caries and periodontal disease. Future estimates of oral diseases burden in Chile require concerted efforts to produce national health surveys that incorporate oral diseases metrics. These estimates are essential to inform policy formulation, implementation and evaluation. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Pesquisas epidemiológicas anteriores revelaram que o Chile apresenta uma elevada carga de doenças bucais. No entanto, nenhum estudo anterior relatou estimativas de cárie dentária não tratada, periodontite e edentulismo ao longo de um período de três décadas para o país. Usando estimativas do Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019, o objetivo deste estudo é relatar as tendências de prevalência, incidência e anos vividos com incapacidade (YLDs) devido a cárie dentária não tratada, periodontite e edentulismo em idosos chilenos entre 1990 e 2019. METODOLOGIA: Estimativas de prevalência, incidência e YLDs devido à cárie dentária, periodontite e edentulismo foram produzidas para o Chile, por idade e sexo, entre 1990 e 2019, usando o Dismod-MR 2.1. Tendências de distúrbios bucais foram analisadas usando modelos de regressão linear generalizada aplicando o método Prais-Winsten. RESULTADOS: A cárie dentária não tratada e a doença periodontal mostraram um aumento na prevalência e nos YLDs, enquanto a prevalência, incidência e YLDs do edentulismo diminuíram em todas as faixas etárias de idosos. A incidência de cárie dentária diminuiu nos grupos mais jovens e aumentou nos grupos etários mais velhos; enquanto a incidência de periodontite aumentou nos grupos mais jovens e diminuiu nos grupos etários mais velhos. CONCLUSÕES: No geral, a carga de doenças bucais em idosos chilenos aumentou entre 1990 e 2019. Isso foi particularmente relevante para cárie não tratada e periodontite. As estimativas futuras da carga de doenças bucais no Chile exigem esforços concentrados para produzir pesquisas nacionais de saúde que incorporem métricas de doenças bucais. Essas estimativas são essenciais para informar a formulação, implementação e avaliação de políticas. (AU)

Prevalencia de Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenax en adolescentes de edad escolar / Prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax in school-age adolescents

Entamoeba gingivalis y Trichomonas tenaxson protozoos que generalmente se encuentran en la cavidad oral de los humanos. E. gingivalis vive en la superficie de los dientes y las encías, bolsas gingivales cerca de la base de los dientes y rara vez en las criptas de las amígdalas. Por lo general, se transmiten por contacto directo de una persona a otra al besarse, rociarse con gotas o compartir utensilios para comer. Se sabe que hasta el 95% de las personas con poca higiene bucal pueden estar infectadas con esta ameba. Por otro lado, Trichomonas tenax es una pequeña tricomona que generalmente se encuentra en la cavidad oral del 5 al 10% de los humanos. Aunque se consideran comensales anaeróbicos no patógenos, el refugio de este protozoo es más común entre personas con mala higiene bucal o enfermedades. Los informes epidemiológicos demostraron variables tasas de prevalencia de la infección por E. gingivalis entre los niños, y su ocurrencia puede variar de acuerdo a la edad, presencia de gingivitis, periodontitis y condiciones inmunosupresoras. Los niños y adolescentes en edad escolar son extremadamente susceptibles a una amplia gama de infecciones gingivales como bacterias y protozoos. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la prevalencia de los protozoarios E. gingivalis y T. tenax en adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 10 y 19 años en una población de 185 pacientes de la ciudad peruana de Huancayo, Perú. La prevalencia fue mayor en la población femenina (14,05%) que en la población masculina (11,35%), con un mayor porcentaje de prevalencia entre las edades de 17 a 19 años (12,43%), pH salival menor a 6,7 y con enfermedades periodentales (16,22%). Los resultados estadísticos demostraron que la edad (p=0,001), pH salival (p=0,024) y diagnóstico de otras patologías periodentales (p<0,001) fueron estadísticamente significativas(AU)

Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax are protozoa that are usually found in the oral cavity of humans. E. gingivalis lives on the surface of the teeth and gums, gum pockets near the base of the teeth, and rarely in the crypts of the tonsils. They are usually spread by direct person-to-person contact through kissing, dousing, or sharing eating utensils. It is known that up to 95% of people with poor oral hygiene may be infected with this amoeba. On the other hand, Trichomonas tenax is a small trichomona that is usually found in the oral cavity of 5-10% of humans. Although they are considered non-pathogenic anaerobic commensals, the harborage of this protozoan is more common among people with poor oral hygiene or disease. Epidemiological reports have shown variable prevalence rates of E. gingivalis infection among children, and its occurrence may vary according to age, presence of gingivitis, periodontitis, and immunosuppressive conditions. School-age children and adolescents are extremely susceptible to a wide range of gingival infections including bacteria and protozoa. The objective of this work is to determine the prevalence of the protozoa E. gingivalis and T. tenax in adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 in a population of 185 patients from the Peruvian city of Huancayo, Peru. The prevalence was higher in the female population (14.05%) than in the male population (11.35%), with a higher percentage of prevalence between the ages of 17 to 19 years (12.43%), lower salivary pH to 6.7 and with periodontal diseases (16.22%). The statistical results showed that age (p=0.001), salivary pH (p=0.024) and diagnosis of other periodontal pathologies (p<0.001) were statistically significant(AU)

Suporte periodontal em diferentes idades em humanos: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Periodontal support at different ages in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis

A tomada de decisões na prática da clínica odontológica está baseada na utilização de parâmetros periodontais como o nível de osso alveolar e de inserção clínica, desconsiderando a idade do paciente, podendo resultar em extrações desnecessárias de dentes que ainda possuem suporte periodontal capaz de manter o elemento dentário inserido no alvéolo, chegando a 70 anos de vida com pelo menos 1/3 do comprimento da raiz radicular com suporte ósseo. O objetivo desta revisão sistemática com metanálise foi verificar qual é o nível de osso alveolar ou de inserção clínica periodontal em população adulta, ao longo da vida, identificando a prevalência de indivíduos ou de sítios periodontais que apresentam perda de inserção clínica (CAL) ≥ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 e a diferença de suporte periodontal entre dentes remanescentes e extraídos. O método empregado foi a busca estratégica nas bases PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Google Scholar, catálogo CAPES, de estudos seccionais (inquéritos epidemiológicos) que utilizaram amostras de base populacional ou estudos de coorte, publicados de 1940 a 2020, em qualquer idioma. Os estudos foram exportados para o EndNote 20.3, com seleção e extração de dados realizada por duas revisoras independentes e avaliação de risco de viés pela ferramenta JBI. O tratamento estatístico foi realizado com software R Project 1.3 e RevMan 5. Os resultados foram a identificação de 9952 estudos, 740 excluídos na identificação, 8996 na triagem, restando 216 elegíveis, incluídos 21 na revisão. Obteve-se na metanálise medida de prevalência sumária de indivíduos com CAL ≥ 3 de 0.86% (IC 95%, 0.71-0.94); CAL ≥ 4 de (0.18-0.47), CAL ≥ 5 de 0.40 % (IC 95%, 0.19-0.67), CAL ≥ 7 de 0.06 (0.02-0.13) por idade 20-40, 41-60, 71+ anos. Houve associação significativa entre perda de inserção de CAL ≥ 1 mm e local de estudos (continente americano), sendo 91.41% da variância real dos estudos explicada pela idade. A variação de CAL em grupo < 50 anos foi de 0.62 (0.03) a 2.39 (1.27) mm, e > 50 anos, de 1.46 (0.05) a 4.90 (1.70) mm. A variação de perda óssea alveolar (ABL) foi de 20 a 79 anos, 0.2 (0.03) a 8.8 (0.5) mm; 31-65 anos, 1.32 (0.36) a 2.81 (0.93) mm. A medida sumária de diferença de média de CAL entre dentes extraídos e remanescentes foi de 1.84 (1.14-2.54) mm, sem diferença significativa dos subgrupos < 50 anos e 50 anos ou mais. A maioria dos estudos foi classificada como alto risco de viés e a avaliação GRADE do nível de certeza da evidência foi classificada como muito baixa.. A conclusão foi de que a taxa de perda óssea por década de vida, a partir dos 20 anos é fundamental para a avaliação da progressão de doença periodontal e deve ser mantida entre 0.38 a 1.5 mm para que se alcance 70 anos de vida com dente apresentando suporte periodontal. Recomenda-se a realização de mais estudos longitudinais que avaliem idade e determinantes sociais como confundidores da relação doença periodontal e desfechos de CAL ou ABL.

Decision-making in clinical dental practice is based on the use of periodontal parameters such as the level of alveolar bone and clinical attachment, disregarding the patient's age, which may result in unnecessary extractions of teeth that still have periodontal support capable of maintaining the element. tooth inserted into the socket, reaching 70 years of age with at least 1/3 of the root root length with bone support. The objective of this systematic review was to verify the level of alveolar bone or periodontal clinical attachment in an adult population, throughout life, identifying the prevalence of individuals or periodontal sites that present clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9 mm and the difference in periodontal support between the remaining and extracted teeth. The method used was a strategic search in PubMed, Embase, Lilacs, Google Scholar, CAPES catalog, of cross-sectional epidemiological studies (epidemiological surveys) using the population-based sample or cohort studies, published from 1940 to 2020, in any language. The studies were exported to EndNote 20.3, with data selection and extraction performed by two masked reviewers and risk of bias assessment by the JBI tools. Statistical treatment was performed using the free software R Project 1.3 and RevMan 5. The results were the identification of 9952 studies, 740 excluded in the identification, 8996 in the screening, leaving 205 eligible, and 21 articles were included in the review. In the meta-analysis, a summary prevalence measure of individuals with CAL ≥ 3 of 0.86% (95% CI, 0.71-0.94) was obtained; CAL ≥ 4 of 0.18-0.47, CAL ≥ 5 of 0.40% (95% CI, 0.19-0.67), CAL ≥ 7 of 0.06 (0.02-0.13) by age 20-40, 41-60, 71+ years. There was a significant association between CAL insertion loss ≥ 1 mm and study location (american continent), with 91.41% of the real variance of the studies explained by age. The range of CAL in the < 50 years group was from 0.62 (0.03) to 2.39 (1.27) mm, and > 50 years, from 1.46 (0.05) to 4.90 (1.70) mm. The ABL (Alveolar Bone Loss) range was from 20 to 79 years from 0.2 (0.03) to 8.8 (0.5) mm and from 31 to 65 years from 1.32 (0.36) to 2.81 (0.93) mm. The summary measure of mean difference in CAL between extracted and remaining teeth was 1.84 (1.14-2.54) mm, with no a significant difference between the age subgroups < 50 years and 50 years and over. Most studies were rated as high risk of bias and the GRADE assessment of the confidence level of the evidence was rated as very low. The conclusion was that the rate of bone loss per decade of life, from the age of 20 onwards, is fundamental for the assessment of the progression of periodontal disease and should be maintained between 0.38 and 1.5 mm in order to reach 70 years of life with a tooth showing periodontal support. Further longitudinal studies are recommended to assess age and social determinants as confounders of the relationship between periodontal disease and CAL or ABL outcomes.

Predicción de la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal en la población colombiana en el contexto de la caminata al azar probabilista / Prediction Of The Prevalence Of Periodontal Disease In The Colombian Population In The Context Of Probabilistic Random Walking

Introducción: La enfermedad periodontal es un problema de salud pública que requiere de un seguimiento en el tiempo que permita la implementación de planes de salud apropiados. Objetivo: Establecer el comportamiento de la dinámica de la enfermedad periodontal a través de la caminata al azar probabilista mediante la simulación de los valores de la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal en Colombia. Métodos: Se tomaron los valores disponibles y reportados por el Estudio Nacional de Salud Bucal II al IV de la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal, y a partir de estos se realizaron tres simulaciones de este comportamiento, para hacer predicciones de los valores de la prevalencia para los años 1998 y 2014 mediante la caminata al azar probabilista. Adicionalmente, se realizaron tres simulaciones predictivas para la dinámica de la prevalencia hasta el año 2030, para establecer el comportamiento teórico que esta variable pueda seguir. Resultados: Las tres simulaciones teóricas permitieron hacer predicciones del índice de prevalencia para el año 1998 y 2014 con un porcentaje de acierto cercano al 100 por ciento. Adicionalmente se observó que el evento más probable es que se presente un aumento en índice de prevalencia para el año 2030 respecto al valor obtenido para el 2014. Conclusiones: Es posible realizar predicciones del comportamiento de la dinámica de la enfermedad periodontal que permitan evaluar los planes de acción en salud orientados a disminuir la prevalencia de las enfermedades periodontales(AU)

Introduction: Periodontal disease is a public health problem which requires follow-up over time that allows the implementation of appropriate health plans. Objective: Establish the behavior of the dynamics of periodontal disease through probabilistic random walking by simulating the values of periodontal disease prevalence in Colombia. Methods: The values available and reported by the National Oral Health Study II to IV on periodontal disease prevalence were taken, and from these, three simulations of this behavior were carried out to make predictions of the prevalence values for the years 1998 and 2014 through probabilistic random walking. Additionally, three predictive simulations were performed for the dynamics of prevalence until 2030 to establish the theoretical behavior that this variable can follow. Results: The three theoretical simulations allowed to make predictions of the prevalence rate for the years 1998 and 2014 with a percentage of success close to 100 percent. Additionally, it was observed that the most likely event is that there will be an increase in the prevalence rate by 2030 compared to the value obtained by 2014. Conclusions: It is possible to make predictions of the periodontal disease's dynamics behavior that allow evaluating health action plans aimed at reducing the prevalence of periodontal diseases(AU)

Índice de necesidad de tratamiento periodontal en embarazadas y no embarazadas que asisten a la maternidad provincial de Córdoba, Argentina / Periodontal index for treatment needs in pregnant and non-pregnant women attending the provincial maternity hospital in Córdoba, Argentina

Objetivo: Comparar la salud periodontal de embaraza- das y no embarazadas mediante la aplicación del Índice de Periodontal Comunitario (IPC). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio ob- servacional de corte transversal. Se reclutaron 100 mujeres embarazadas (EMB) y 50 no embarazadas (NoEMB) que concurrieron al Hospital Materno Provincial de la Ciudad de Córdoba, Dr. Raúl F. Lucini. En todas se registró el IPC con la sonda periodontal WHO 621 en los 6 sextantes de la boca. Los datos se analizaron con el software Infostat/SP; el nivel de significación establecido fue de P <0,05. Resultados: El 70% de las pacientes presentó edades de entre 18 y 25 años. En las EMB el código 3 del IPC fue el más frecuente presente en 240 sextantes (40,1%) y en las NoEMB el código 2 fue el más frecuente con 39 sextantes (43%). A ambos grupos de estudio les corresponde el trata- miento de instrucción de higiene bucal, instrumentación supra y/o subgingival, y/o regularización de obturaciones. Conclusiones: El código 3 fue el más frecuente entre las EMB, a quienes les corresponde un Código de tratamiento periodontal (CTP) 2; las NoEMB presentaron un IPC de 1 y 2 como los más frecuentes y se vinculan con un CTP 1 y 2. Nos encontramos frente a una situación clínica periodontal posible de resolver con terapia básica que puede ser realizada por odontólogos generalistas (AU)

Aim: To compare the periodontal health of pregnant and non-pregnant women by applying the Community Periodontal Index (CPI). Materials and methods: In an observational, cross-sec- tional study, 100 pregnant women (PREG) and 50 non-preg- nant women (NonPREG) were recruited at the Dr. Raúl F. Lu- cini Provincial Maternity Hospital in Córdoba City. The CPI was determined in the 6 sextants of the mouth using a WHO 621 periodontal probe. The data were analyzed with Infostat SP software. P <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 70% of the patients were 18 to 25 years old. In the PREG group, CPI Code 3 was the most frequent, present in 240 sextants (40.1%), while in the non-PREG group, CPI Code 2 was the most frequent, with 39 sextants (43%). Treat- ment needs in both study groups are oral hygiene instruction, supra- and/or subgingival instrumentation, and/or correction of plaque retentive margins. Conclusions: Code 3 was the most frequent among preg- nant women, which corresponded to Periodontal Treatment Code (CTP) 2. CPI 1 and 2 were the most frequent in non-pregnant women, corresponding to CTP 1 and 2. This periodontal clinical condition can be treated with initial dental hygiene therapy, which can be performed by general dentists (AU)

Periodontal disease and the risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies

ABSTRACT Background: Periodontal disease is reportedly associated with the risk of various systemic diseases, including pancreatic and lung cancers. However, its association with prostate cancer remains inconclusive. Herein, we explored the association of periodontal disease with the risk of prostate cancer through a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Sciences and Cochrane Library databases were searched for eligible publications up to April 2020. Multivariate adjusted risk estimates with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted and calculated using random- or fixed-effect models. Results: Nine cohort studies involving 3.353 prostate cancer cases with 440.911 participants were identified and included in the meta-analysis. We found that periodontal disease significantly increased the risk of prostate cancer by 1.40-fold (hazard ratio [HR]=1.40, 95% CI: 1.16-1.70; P=0.001; I2=76.1%) compared with normal condition. Interestingly, the risk of developing prostate cancer was not significant in patients treated with periodontal therapy (HR=1.22, 95% CI: 0.86-1.73; P=0.272; I2=65.2%). The results of subgroup analyses were also consistent and significant when stratified by study design and follow-up period, whereas conflicting results were observed in periodontal disease ascertainment stratification. These findings were robust as indicated by sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Periodontal disease was associated with the increased risk of prostate cancer, whereas no significant association was observed in patients treated with periodontal therapy. Hence, the awareness and importance for maintaining oral health should be improved, and the underlying mechanisms linking periodontal disease and prostate cancer should be fully explored in future research.

¿Por qué asociar la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica con el descontrol metabólico del paciente diabético? / Why to link the chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disease with the absence of metabolic control of a patient suffering from diabetes?

Introducción: La asociación entre la diabetes mellitus y las periodontopatías se ha reportado en numerosos estudios. Se acepta que la interrelación entre ambas es bidireccional. Un alto porcentaje de los estudios epidemiológicos, así como de los estudios en animales de experimentación, sugieren que la presencia de una condición tiende a aumentar el riesgo y la severidad de la otra. Objetivo: Consolidar núcleos teóricos y evidencias clínicas que esclarezcan la relación entre la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica y el descontrol metabólico del paciente diabético. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura disponible a través de la búsqueda automatizada en las bases de datos: PubMed, Scielo y Google Académico, en el período de enero - junio de 2020. La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó a nivel de título, resumen y palabras clave de los artículos, con el uso de conectores lógicos. Se evaluaron artículos de revisión, de investigación, metaanálisis, de autores cubanos e internacionales que hicieran referencia específicamente al tema de estudio a través del título. Resultados: Fueron seleccionados 29 textos científicos, escritos en idioma español e inglés, publicados entre el año 2005 y el 2019, de los cuales 27 eran artículos científicos de revistas y 2 libros de texto. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de las publicaciones revisadas sobre el tema, avalan la relación entre enfermedad periodontal y descontrol metabólico diabético, basados en estudios clínicos y hemoquímicos. Existen investigadores que sugieren continuidad de estudios para perfeccionar metodologías, esclarecer teorías y sobredimensionamiento de la asociación. La valoración de las periodontopatías, como factor de riesgo para el descontrol metabólico del diabético, debe pasar de una interrogante a una estrategia promocional, preventiva y terapéutica(AU)

Introduction: The association between Diabetes Mellitus and periodontopathies has been reported in numerous studies. It is accepted that the interrelation between the two is bidirectional. A high percentage of epidemiological studies, as well as studies in experimental animals, suggest that the presence of one condition tends to increase the risk and severity of the other. Objective: Consolidate theoretical nuclei and clinical evidence that clarify the relationship between chronic immune-mediated inflammatory periodontal disease and the metabolic decontrol of the diabetic patient. Methods: A review of the available literature was performed through the automated search in the following databases: PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar, in the period January-June 2020. The search strategy was carried out through the title, abstract and keywords levels of the articles, with the use of logic connectors. Review, research and meta-analysis articles and by Cuban and international authors ones were assessed and that make specific reference to the studied topic through the title. Results: 29 scientific texts were selected; those were written in Spanish and English, published between 2005 and 2019, of which 27 were articles from a scientific journal and 2 were textbooks. Conclusions: Most of the publications reviewed on the subject endorse the relation between periodontal disease and diabetic metabolic decontrol, based on clinical and hemochemical studies. There are researchers who suggest continuity of studies to improve methodologies, clarify theories and oversize the association. The evaluation of periodontopathies as a risk factor for the metabolic decontrol of the diabetic must go from a question to a promotional, preventive and therapeutic strategy(AU)

Necesidades educativas sobre salud bucodental en el grado prescolar / Educational needs related to oral health in the preschool grade

Introducción: La caries dental y la enfermedad periodontal son las enfermedades bucodentales más prevalentes, con una tendencia al aumento de las maloclusiones. Se considera la promoción de salud como un proceso educativo a través del cual la comunidad logra ejercer control de su salud. Objetivo: Identificar las necesidades educativas sobre salud bucodental en el grado prescolar, en Sagua la Grande, Villa Clara, durante el curso escolar 2017-2018. Método: Investigación descriptiva transversal en Sagua la Grande, durante el curso 2017-2018. La población quedó constituida por 326 niños, 24 docentes y 326 familias. La variable estudiada fue necesidades educativas sobre salud bucodental en el grado preescolar. Resultados: Se evidenció que no se realizan acciones educativas sobre salud bucodental. No existen proyectos ni un programa de capacitación sobre salud bucodental para los docentes que la sustente. No es concebida la salud bucal dentro del sistema de trabajo metodológico del sector. No se analizan contenidos de salud bucodental en consejos de dirección y preparaciones metodológicas Los docentes realizan escasas acciones educativas sobre salud bucodental. El nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucodental fue evaluado de mal en los niños (74,23 por ciento), en docentes (41,67 por ciento) y familias (47,24 por ciento). Conclusiones: Se evidenció que no se realizan acciones educativas sobre salud bucodental y predominó el nivel de conocimientos sobre salud bucodental evaluado de mal en niños, docentes y familias(AU)

Introduction: Dental caries and periodontal disease are the most prevalent oral conditions, with a tendency to an increase in malocclusions. Health promotion is considered to be an educational process by which the community gains control of their health. Objective: Identify the educational needs related to oral health in the preschool grade. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Sagua la Grande during the school year 2017-2018. The study population was 326 children, 24 teachers and 326 families. The variable analyzed was educational needs related to oral health in the preschool grade. Results: It was found that educational actions related to oral health are not performed, nor is there an oral health training program for teachers or projects supporting it. Oral health is not included in the system of methodological work for the sector. Oral health contents are not discussed in management meetings or methodological preparation sessions. Teachers conduct a scant number of oral health educational actions. Knowledge about oral health was evaluated as poor in 74.23 percent of the children, 41.67 percent of the teachers and 47.24 percent of the families. Conclusions: It was found that oral health educational actions are not performed and knowledge about oral health is poor among children, teachers and families(AU)

Salud Bucal y Enfermedades no transmisibles en pacientes de un centro de enseñanza universitaria del área Salud, Montevideo-Uruguay. Parte 2 / Saúde bucal e doenças não transmissíveis em pacientes de uma instituição de ensino superior, Montevidéu, Uruguai 2016. Parte 2 / Oral health and noncommunicable diseases in patients at a higher education institution. Montevideo, Uruguay. Part 2

Resumen Las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) comparten factores de riesgo conductuales y metabólicos con las enfermedades bucales. Ambas representan también un problema de salud pública. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de caries, paradenciopatías y pérdida dentaria en personas que demandan atención en la facultad de odontología de la udelar. Metodos: se relevó una muestra de los pacientes de la facultad de odontología, que respondieron un cuestionario sobre características sociodemográficas y hábitos vinculados a factores de riesgo comportamentales, se les realizaron mediciones antropométricas, de presión arterial, de glicemia capilar y un examen bucal. Resultados: fueron encuestados 602 individuos, el cpod promedio fue de 16, la prevalencia de caries no tratada fue de 72,8 % y la prevalencia de periodontitis 42,9 %. Conclusiones: Se recomienda la instalación de un programa preventivo-asistencial conjunto entre Facultad de Odontología y área salud de la UDELAR que integre la promoción y prevención de las enfermedades bucales y las no transmisibles.

Resumo As doenças não transmissíveis (DCNT) compartilham fatores de risco comportamentais e metabólicos com as doenças bucais. Ambos também representam um problema de saúde pública. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de cárie, paradenciopatias e perda de dente em pessoas que exigem atenção na faculdade de odontologia da udelar. Métodos: foram avaliados 602 adultos, que responderam a um questionário sobre características sociodemográficas e hábitos relacionados a fatores de risco comportamentais, medidas antropométricas, pressão arterial, glicemia capilar e realização de exame oral. Resultados: foram pesquisados ​​602 indivíduos com média de 16 cáries, prevalência de cárie não tratada de 72,8% e prevalência de periodontite de 42,9%. Conclusões: Recomenda-se a instalação de um programa de cuidados preventivos conjuntos entre a Faculdade de Odontologia e a área da saúde da UDELAR que integre a promoção e prevenção das doenças bucais e não transmissíveis.

Abstract Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) share behavioral and metabolic risk factors with oral diseases. Both are also public health issues. Objective: To determine the prevalence of caries, gum conditions, and tooth loss in patients treated at UdelaR's School of Dentistry. Methods: A sample of individuals treated at the School of Dentistry answered a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and habits related to behavioral risk factors. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and capillary blood glucose were recorded, and an oral exam was performed. Results: Six hundred and two individuals were surveyed. The average DMFT was 16, the prevalence of untreated caries, 72.8%, and the prevalence of periodontitis, 42.9%. Conclusions: We recommend implementing a joint preventive-care program run by the School of Dentistry and the health area of UDELAR that integrates the promotion and prevention of oral and noncommunicable diseases.

Global burden of periodontal disease and its relation with socioeconomic development during 1990-2019 / 浙江大学学报·医学版

To analyze the global burden of periodontal disease and its relation with socioeconomic development. Data of global disability-adjusted life year (DALY) due to periodontal disease and human development index (HDI) from 1990 to 2019 were obtained from Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx) and human development reports. The trend of the global burden of periodontal disease from 1990 to 2019 was described. The correlation between age-standardized DALY rates and HDI were examined in 2019, and between-country periodontal disease burden inequality from 1990 to 2019 was measured using health-related Gini coefficients and concentration indexes. From 1990 to 2019, the global DALY rate due to periodontal disease increased from 78.63 to 85.48, and the epidemiological burden did not increase significantly. Statistical differences were found across different HDI categories for age-standardized DALY rates of periodontal disease ( 44.315, <0.01) in 2019. Linear regression analysis also revealed a negative correlation between age-standardized DALY rate of periodontal disease and HDI ( = -0.417, <0.01) . Gini coefficients decreased from 0.361 to 0.281 and concentration indexes fell from 0.0339 to -0.0538 between 1990 and 2019. The global burden of periodontal disease did not increase between 1990 and 2019, though the socioeconomic-associated inequality still existed. The burden of periodontal disease was more concentrated in less developed countries, and the socioeconomic-associated inequality has increased since 2000.

Prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal autopercibida en escolares de 12 años de edad / Prevalence of selected periodontal disease in schools 12 years old

Resumen Introducción: La auto percepción periodontal tiene como objetivo permitir al paciente auto valorar su estado de salud bucal, así como tomar conciencia del riesgo que provoca padecer esta patología, motivando a mejorar el estilo de vida, disminuyendo los riesgos mediante la planificación de propuestas de intervención preventiva. Objetivo: Calcular la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal auto percibida en escolares de 12 años de edad, en la parroquia Monay del cantón Cuenca 2016. Materiales y Métodos: La metodología aplicada fue de tipo cualitativa, de diseño descriptivo, técnica observacional transversal retrospectivo. La muestra constituida por 252 fichas epidemiológicas de escolares de 12 años. Los datos se obtuvieron de la base de datos de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca, a través del programa EpiInfo, las cuales fueron analizadas por operadores quienes recibieron una previa calibración. Resultados: Los resultados de la prevalencia de auto percepción obtenidos en la parroquia de estudio, indicaron que el 63% perciben la enfermedad periodontal y el 37% no la perciben, de acuerdo al sexo se obtuvo una mayor prevalencia de auto percepción en las mujeres con 73% y en hombres un 52%; según el tipo de sostenimiento educacional no se obtuvieron diferencias significativas entre los porcentajes de escolares que acudieron a escuelas privadas o públicas, se obtuvo un 56% de auto percepción periodontal en escuelas privadas y el 54% de autopercepción periodontal en escuelas públicas. Conclusiones: Se reporta un resultado del 63%, constituyendo una alta prevalencia de escolares que si autoperciben la enfermedad periodontal.

Abstract Introduction: Periodontal self perception allows the patient to assess his own oral health, as well as he becomes aware of the risks that it may trigger, motivating him to improve his life style, diminishing those risks with the planning of a preventive intervention. Objective: To calculate the prevalence of self-perceived periodontal disease in 12-year-old schoolchildren in the Monay parish of the 2016 Cuenca canton. Materials and Methods: The methodology applied was of qualitative type, descriptive design, retrospective cross-sectional observational technique. The sample consists of 252 epidemiological records of 12-year-old schoolchildren. The data were obtained from the database of the Catholic University of Cuenca, through the Epi Info program, which were analyzed by operators who received a previous calibration. Results: The results of the prevalence of automatic perception in the study parish, indicate that 63% perceive periodontal disease and 37% do not perceive it, according to sex, a higher prevalence of perception was obtained in women with 73% and in men 52%; According to the type of educational support, no significant differences were obtained between the percentages of schools that went to private or public schools, 56% of periodontal self-perception in private schools and 54% of periodontal self-perception in public schools were obtained. Conclusions: A result of 63% is reported, constituting a high prevalence of schoolchildren who perceive periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease and its complications in cats from a shelter in the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul / Doença periodontal e suas complicações em gatos de um abrigo na Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul

Periodontal disease is the most common infectious disease that occurs in feline patients. Although it occurs in both sexes, different age groups, and any breeds, the prevalence and severity seem much higher in cats living in animal shelters. This paper aimed to describe the clinical, radiological, cytopathological, and virological aspects of periodontal disease and its complications in cats, based on these aspects and, consequently, on the importance it brings to cat feline medicine in shelter cats. For this, nine cats with periodontal disease from a single animal shelter were evaluated. These cats demonstrated a disease characterized by halitosis, excessive salivation, and oral discomfort. Lymphadenomegaly of the mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes was observed in 44.4% of the cases. Oral lesions consisted of varying degrees of gingival hyperemia, complete loss of free gingival margins, and consequently gingival retraction, dental calculus deposition, dental mobility, complete exposure of the furcation of premolars and molars, and dental roots of canines and incisors, loss of bone radiopacity due to alveolar bone resorption and tooth loss. Complications included chronic ulcerative paradental stomatitis (22.2%), faucitis (22.2%), and chronic gingivostomatitis (11.1%). None of the cats affected by periodontal disease was positive for FIV or FeLV. In 33.3% of the cases, cats were carriers of feline calicivirus, but not feline herpesvirus.(AU)

Doença periodontal é a mais comum doença infecciosa que ocorre em pacientes felinos. Embora ocorra em gatos de ambos os sexos, diferentes faixas etárias e quaisquer raças, a prevalência e a gravidade parece muito maior em gatos que vivem em abrigos para animais. Baseado nesses aspectos e, consequentemente, na importância que ela traz para a medicina felina de gatos de abrigos, o objetivo desse artigo é descrever os aspectos clínicos, radiológicos, citopatológicos e virológicos da doença periodontal e suas complicações em gatos. Para isso, nove gatos com doença periodontal oriundos de um único abrigo de animais foram avaliados. Esses gatos demonstraram uma doença caracterizada por halitose, salivação excessiva e desconforto oral. Linfadenomegalia dos linfonodos mandibulares e retrofaríngeos foi observada em 44,4% dos casos. As lesões orais consistiam de graus variados de hiperemia gengival, perda completa das margens gengivais livres e, consequentemente, retração gengival, deposição de cálculo dental, mobilidade dentária, exposição completa da furca dos pré-molares e molares e das raízes dentárias dos caninos e incisivos, perda de radiopacidade óssea devido à reabsorção de osso alveolar e perda dentária. Complicações incluíram estomatite paradental ulcerativa crônica (22,2%), faucite (22,2%) e gengivoestomatite crônica (11,1%). Nenhum dos gatos afetados pela doença periodontal foi positivo para FIV ou FeLV. Em 33,3% dos casos, os gatos eram portadores do calicivírus felino, mas não do herpesvírus felino.(AU)

Periodontal disease distribution, risk factors, and importance of primary healthcare in the clinical parameters improvement / Distribución de la enfermedad periodontal, factores de riesgo e importancia de la atención primaria en salud en la mejora de los parámetros clínicos

The objective of this study is to show the distribution of periodontal disease, risk factors, and importance of primary healthcare, for the improvement of clinical parameters. Two phases study transversal and nonrandomized trial (before - after), with educational intervention and conservative treatment, were carried out at Dental School of the Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero México, in 161 subjects who met the inclusion criteria. Oral healthcare education was carried out as well as conservative periodontal treatment, with six months follow up. Clinical measurements were performed with a Williams probe, O'Leary plaque index, calculus index and dental mobility Miller method. Periodontal disease was found on 82 % of all participants. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed an odds ratio of 14.3 (95 % CI: 2.5, 82.1), 13.4 (95 % CI: 1.7, 103.5), 29.2 (95 % CI: 3.2, 260.9) and 68 (95 % CI: 6.6, 711.0) plaque in gingivitis, mild, moderate and severe chronic periodontitis, respectively. The longitudinal panel data analysis showed a significant effect (p <0.001) in the mean decrease of the clinical parameters after intervention, probing depth 0.4 mm (95 % CI: -0.5, -0.3), pockets depth 1.1 mm (95 % CI: -1.3, -0.9), amount of pockets 4.5 (95 % CI: -5.2, -3.7), bleeding 5.2 (95 % CI: -5.9, -4.5) and dental mobility 0.6 degrees (95 % CI: -0.7, -0.5). Primary healthcare is still the best option to improve the periodontal health in population who do not have access to specialty services. Dentists can achieve significant clinical improvement at very low cost, if they are aware of primary health care.

El objetivo del estudio fue mostrar la distribución de la enfermedad periodontal, los factores de riesgo y la importancia de la atención primaria de salud, para la mejora de los parámetros clínicos. Material y método: Estudio de dos fases transversal y no aleatorizado (antes - después), con intervención educativa y tratamiento conservador, realizado en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero México, en 161 sujetos que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se llevó a cabo una educación sanitaria oral, así como un tratamiento periodontal conservador, con un seguimiento de seis meses. Las mediciones clínicas se realizaron con una sonda Williams, el índice de placa O'Leary, el índice de cálculo y el método Miller de movilidad dental. Resultados: se encontró enfermedad periodontal en el 82 % de todos los participantes. El análisis de regresión logística multinomial mostró un odds ratio de 14.3 (IC 95 %: 2.5, 82.1), 13.4 (IC 95 %: 1.7, 103.5), 29.2 (IC 95 %: 3.2, 260.9) y 68 (IC 95 %: 6.6, 711.0) placa en gingivitis, periodontitis crónica leve, moderada y grave, respectivamente. El análisis de datos del panel longitudinal mostró un efecto significativo (p <0.001) en la disminución media de los parámetros clínicos después de la intervención, profundidad de sondeo 0.4 mm (IC 95 %: -0.5, -0.3), profundidad de bolsillos 1.1 mm (IC 95 %: -1.3, -0.9), cantidad de bolsillos 4.5 (IC 95 %: -5.2, -3.7), hemorragia 5.2 (IC 95 %: -5.9, -4.5) y movilidad dental 0.6 grados (IC 95 %: -0.7, - 0.5). Conclusiones: la atención primaria de salud sigue siendo la mejor opción para mejorar la salud periodontal en la población que no tiene acceso a servicios especializados. Relevancia clínica: los dentistas pueden lograr una mejora clínica significativa a un costo muy bajo, si conocen la atención primaria de salud.

Association of Khat chewing, smoking, age and sex with periodontal status among Yemeni adults / Associação da mastigação de Khat, tabagismo, idade e gênero com a condição periodontal entre adultos iemenitas

Objective: Periodontal diseases are very common dental disease. Many risk factors may play significant role in the periodontal disease initiation and progression. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of khat chewing, smoking, age and gender on periodontal status among Yemeni adults. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1231 patients attending the outpatient dental polyclinics of University of Science and Technology during the academic years 2017/2018. All completed sheets were collected throughout the year by the supervisors. Data cleaning, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics were then performed. Results: Khat chewers were more frequent than non-chewers counterparts (60.7% vs. 39.3%). The prevalence of smoking was 25.5% (297 patients). Study results indicated that periodontitis is more associated with female gender and participants aged more than 35 years old. Results also showed that female and age older participants aged more than 35 years were significantly associated with gingival recession. Mean number of the teeth with gingival recession in male patients were higher than in females. Male gender and patients aged more than 35 years old were significantly associated with furcation involvement. Conclusion: The present study has shown females gender and age older than 35 seem to be risk factors of periodontal diseases. Males has more teeth affected by gingival recession and more furcation involvement (AU)

Objetivo: As doenças periodontais são patologias dentárias com alta prevalência. Diversos fatores de risco podem desempenhar papel significativo no início e progressão das doenças periodontais. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da mastigação de khat, tabagismo, idade e gênero na condição periodontal de adultos iemenitas. Material e Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi realizado em 1231 pacientes atendidos nas policlínicas odontológicas ambulatoriais da Universidade de Ciência e Tecnologia durante os anos acadêmicos de 2017/2018 através de um questionário para coleta de dados préestabelecido. Todas os questionários preenchidos foram coletados ao longo do ano pelos supervisores. A apuração dos dados, estatística descritiva e estatística inferencial foram realizadas. Resultados: os mastigadores de Khat foram mais frequentes do que as não-mastigadores (60,7% vs. 39,3%). A prevalência de tabagismo foi de 25,5% (297 pacientes). Os resultados do estudo indicaram que a periodontite está mais associada ao gênero feminino e aos participantes com mais de 35 anos de idade. Os resultados também mostraram que participantes do gênero feminino e acima de 35 anos foram significativamente associadas à recessão gengival. O número médio de dentes com recessão gengival em pacientes do gênero masculino foi maior que no feminino. O gênero masculino e os pacientes com mais de 35 anos de idade foram significativamente associados ao envolvimento da furca. Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que o gênero feminino e a idade acima de 35 anos parecem ser fatores de risco para doenças periodontais. Pacientes do gênero masculino têm mais dentes afetados pela recessão gengival e mais envolvimento de furca.(AU)

Periodontal disease and its impact on general health in Latin America: LAOHA Consensus Meeting Report

Abstract: Periodontal diseases are considered a worldwide public health problem, owing to their high prevalence in developed and developing countries. Periodontitis may lead to tooth loss, which can impact oral health-related quality of life. Gingivitis and periodontitis have been extensively studied regarding their etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, prevention and treatment outcomes. However, most of these aspects are studied and discussed globally, which may hamper a clear interpretation of the findings and the design of effective plans of action for specific regions or populations. For example, in Latin America, epidemiological data about the distribution of periodontal diseases is still scarce, mainly when it comes to nationwide representative samples. This Consensus aimed to address the following topics related to periodontal diseases in Latin America: a) The impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health: a global reality; b) Periodontal diseases in Latin America; c) Strategies for the prevention of periodontal diseases in Latin America; d) Problems associated with diagnosis of periodontal conditions and possible solutions for Latin America; e) Treatment of Periodontitis. This consensus will help to increase awareness about diagnosis, prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases, in the context of Latin American countries.

Periodontal disease and its impact on general health in Latin America. Section II: Introduction part II

Abstract: The epidemiological data on gingivitis and periodontitis in Latin America are scarce, as the majority of the Latin American studies have analyzed probing depth instead of clinical attachment loss. Reported data have shown high variations in results between different Latin American countries, with the main causes of these differences being the clinical case definition and methodological strategies used. In general, data have revealed that the prevalence of periodontal disease is higher in Latin Americans than in populations in the USA or Europe. Regarding its relations with other diseases and conditions, some Latin American studies have focused on the association between periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes, or poor glycemic control in diabetic patients; however, these studies have reported controversial results. In Chile, reports have indicated that periodontal treatment significantly reduced the preterm birth rate; however, no association between periodontitis and perinatal outcome was found in Brazil. For diabetes mellitus, Brazilian studies have reported controversial findings; however, a Chilean interventional study reported significant reductions in the glycosylated hemoglobin levels after periodontal treatment. Although epidemiological data for Latin America are scarce, the information available at present is useful for establishing national policies on health promotion, prevention, and treatment of periodontal disease. Therefore, dental schools must play a key role in educating professionals who are highly trained in the promotion, prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal disease, with an approach to risk, and strong biopsychosocial and ethical components. Thus, future Latin American dentists would be able to face the challenge of decreasing the prevalence of periodontal diseases by leading interdisciplinary health teamwork.

Enfermedad periodontal como factor de riesgo adicional asociado con nacimiento pretérmino en México: un estudio de casos y controles / Periodontal disease as an additional risk factor associated with preterm birth in Mexico: a case-control study

Resumen Introducción: Las sustancias relacionadas con los microorganismos involucrados en la enfermedad periodontal puedan llegar a la interfaz materno-fetal por vía hematógena y estimular la contractilidad uterina. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre enfermedad periodontal con nacimiento pretérmino. Método: Estudio de casos y controles de 343 embarazadas pretérmino y 686 de término. Se calculó la edad gestacional por fecha de último periodo menstrual y se confirmó con los métodos de Capurro y Ballard. La enfermedad periodontal se diagnosticó por la profundidad del espacio entre la raíz dental y la encía. La asociación fue medida con regresión logística. Resultados: La edad de las madres en los casos fue de 23.8 ± 6.7 años y en los controles de 23.2 ± 6.7 años. La enfermedad periodontal estuvo presente en 66.8 % de los casos y 40.5 % de los controles. Los factores asociados con nacimiento pretérmino fueron enfermedad periodontal (RM = 2.26), antecedente de nacimiento pretérmino (RM = 4.96), embarazo no planeado (RM = 2.15), control prenatal deficiente (RM = 2.53), infección de vías urinarias (RM = 2.22), preeclampsia (RM = 4.49), ruptura prematura de membranas amnióticas (RM = 2.59) y nacer por cesárea (RM = 9.15). Conclusión: La enfermedad periodontal en el embarazo constituyó un factor de riesgo independiente para nacimiento pretérmino.

Abstract Introduction: Substances related to microorganisms involved in periodontal disease can reach the maternal-fetal interface via the hematogenous route and stimulate uterine contractility. Objective: To determine the association between periodontal disease and preterm birth. Method: Case-control study in 343 preterm and 686 full-term pregnant women. Gestational age was calculated based on the date of the last menstrual period and confirmed with Capurro and Ballard methods. Periodontal disease was diagnosed according to the depth of the space between the tooth root and the gum. The association was measured with logistic regression. Results: Maternal age of the cases was 23.8 ± 6.7 years, and 23.2 ± 6.7 in the controls. Periodontal disease was present in 66.8% of cases and 40.5% of controls. The factors associated with preterm birth were periodontal disease (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.26), history of preterm birth (OR = 4.96), unplanned pregnancy (OR = 2.15) poor prenatal control (OR = 2.53), urinary tract infection (OR = 2.22), preeclampsia (OR = 4.49), premature rupture of membranes (OR = 2.59) and caesarean section delivery (OR = 9.15). Conclusion: Periodontal disease in pregnancy was an independent risk factor for preterm birth.

Comportamiento de la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica. Jovellanos. Matanzas / Behavior of the chronic immunoinflammatory periodontal disease. Jovellanos. Matanzas

RESUMEN Introducción: Para la Organización Mundial de la Salud, la enfermedad periodontal representa un problema de salud pública en países industrializados y en los que están en vías de desarrollo. Afecta la calidad de vida de quienes las sufren. Este término agrupa una serie de entidades que afectan los tejidos de protección e inserción del diente, dentro de las cuales se encuentra la periodontitis, proceso inmunoinflamatoria crónico. Objetivo: estimar la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica en el municipio de Jovellanos, provincia de Matanzas. Materiales y métodos: con el objetivo de estimar la prevalencia de la enfermedad periodontal inmunoinflamatoria crónica, en el municipio de Jovellanos, provincia de Matanzas se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo transversal, en el período comprendido entre el mes junio del 2009 a junio del 2010. Resultados: el 54,5 % de la población no presentó la enfermedad estudiada. El grupo de 5 a 11 años fue el que más aportó a este resultado. La enfermedad fue diagnosticada en el 45,5 % de la población examinada, la cual comenzó a manifestarse a partir del grupo de edad de 15 a 18 años. El 92,9 % de los individuos de 60 a 74 años fueron los más afectados. Conclusiones: en cuanto a la enfermedad periodontal inmuno inflamatoria la cantidad de pacientes sanos, desde el punto de vista periodontal, estuvo entre un 49,4 % y un 59,6 % del total de la población. La incidencia de la enfermedad aumenta con la edad. La presencia de bolsas resultó mayor a partir de los 35 años y causó gran afectación en los individuos de 60 a 74 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction: According to the World Health Organization, periodontal disease represents a public health problem in the developed countries and in the developing ones. It affects the life quality of people suffering it. This term groups together several entities affecting the tooth´s insertion and protection tissues; periodontitis, a chronic immunoinflammatory process, is found among them. Objective: estimate the prevalence of periodontal disease inmunoinflamatoria chronic in the municipality of Jovellanos, province of Matanzas. Materials and methods: a cross-sectional descriptive, observational study was carried out in the municipality of Jovellanos, province of Matanzas from June 2009 to June 2010 for the sake of estimating the prevalence of the chronic immunoinflammatory periodontal disease. Results: 54.5 % of the population did not present the studied disease. The 5-11-years-old group was the one contributing more to these results. The disease was diagnosed in 45.5 % of the studied population, and started to manifest beginning from the 15-18-years-old age group. 92.9 % of the individuals aged 60 to 74 years were the most affected ones. Conclusions: from the periodontal point of view, the quantity of healthy patients oscillated between 49.4 % and 59.6 % of the total population. The disease incidence increases with age. The presence of pockets was higher from the age of 35 years on, and caused great affectation in individuals aged 60-74 years.

Asociación entre bajo peso al nacer y parto pretermino en gestantes con signos de enfermedad periodontal atendidas en una institución del nivel primario de salud del valle del cauca-colombia / Association between low birth weight and preterm delivery in pregnant women with signs of periodontal disease treated at a primary health institution in the valle del cauca-colombia

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El parto pretérmino (PPT) y el Bajo Peso al Nacer (BPN) y su consecuente morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal son problemas prevalentes de salud. Se ha planteado que las bacterias que participan en el desarrollo de la enfermedad periodontal (EP) estimulan la liberación de prostaglandinas, que, a su vez, estimulan el trabajo de parto, sin embargo, esta relación no ha sido claramente demostrada. OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre BPN y PPT en gestantes con signos de EP en una Institución Pública de Salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles con relación 1:1. Los casos fueron gestantes con Recién Nacidos (RN) pretérmino (PT) <37 semanas y BPN <2.500 gr, los controles gestantes con parto a término y RN con peso >2.500 gr. Se excluyeron gestantes sin historia clínica odontológica o cuyos RN presentaron restricción del crecimiento intrauterino. Para determinar la asociación se estimaron OR con su respectivos IC al 95%, siendo estadísticamente significativo cuando el valor de P de chi2 fue menor de 0.05. RESULTADOS: El PPT/BPN supone una posible asociación con el antecedente familiar de hipertensión o diabetes OR: 2,76 IC: (0,87 - 9,26); (p=0,051), y hubo una asociación estadísticamente significativa con bajo peso materno (IMC<18.5) en el primer control prenatal OR: 2,85 IC: (0,96 - 8,66); (p=0,033), gingivitis OR: 4,03 IC: (1,04 - 18,83); (p=0,021), retracciones gingivales OR: 8,1 IC: (0,98 - 68) (p=0,027) y sangrado gingival OR 6,8 IC: (1,98 - 26,45); (p=0,000). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren que la enfermedad periodontal puede estar asociada al PPT/BPN.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Preterm birth (PB) and Low Birth Weight (LBW), and their consequent neonatal morbidity and mortality, are prevalent health problems. It has been suggested that bacteria responsible for the development of periodontal disease stimulate the release of prostaglandin, which in turn, stimulates labor. However, this relationship has not been clearly demonstrated. OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between low birth weight and premature delivery in pregnant women with signs of periodontal disease in the population of pregnant women in a public health institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case-control study with a 1: 1 ratio. For our subjects we included pregnant women who gave birth prematurely (PT) <37 weeks to babies with a LBW <2,500 gr and as controls, pregnant women who delivered at term with newborns weighing more than 2,500 gr. Pregnant women without a dental history were excluded as were those whose NB presented an intrauterine growth restriction. To determine the association, we used the OR with its respective 95% confidence interval, it was statistically significant when the p values of chi test was less than 0.05. RESULTS: PB / LBW indicates a possible association with the family history of hypertension or diabetes OR: 2.76 CI: (0.87 - 9.26); (p = 0.051), and there was a statistically significant association with low maternal weight (BMI <18.5) in the first prenatal control OR: 2.85 IC: (0.96 - 8.66); (p = 0.033), gingivitis OR: 4.03 IC: (1.04 - 18.83); (p = 0.021), gingival retractions OR: 8.1 IC: (0.98 - 68) (p = 0.027) and gingival bleeding OR 6.8 CI: (1.98-26.45); (p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest an association between signs of periodontal disease and PB / LBW.

Estudo da prevalência de alterações orais em uma população de pacientes diabéticos do estado da Paraíba / Study of the prevalence of oral changes in a population of diabetic patients in the state of Paraiba

Introdução: o Diabetes Mellitus (DM) atinge cerca de 425 milhões de pessoas no mundo. A cavidade oral pode se tornar susceptível ao surgimento de inúmeras alterações decorrentes do DM como xerostomia, infecções, queilites, alterações gengivais e periodontais. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de alterações da cavidade oral em pacientes com DM. Material e Método: A amostra foi composta por 118 indivíduos com DM atendidos nas unidades básicas de saúde da família. As características clínicas dos pacientes foram analisadas com auxílio de espátula e iluminação artificial e registradas em um formulário previamente elaborado. Para a análise estatística foi considerado o valor de p<0,05 como significativo. Resultados: da amostra, 38 (32,2%) indivíduos eram do sexo masculino e 80 (67,8%) do sexo feminino, sendo a média de idade de 63,6 anos. O tipo 2 de DM foi o mais frequente (n=109/92,4%). Observou-se alta prevalência de alterações orais, destacando-se: a xerostomia, que exibiu associação com o uso de medicamentos (p=0,049) e a doença periodontal mais frequente em indivíduos com ≤ 60 anos (p<0,0001). A maioria dos indivíduos que fazia uso de hipoglicemiantes orais não apresentou a doença (77,8%; p=0,035). As lesões potencialmente malignas estiveram associadas com o sexo masculino (65,2%; p<0,0001) e com indivíduos de idade acima de 60 anos (82,6%; p<0,015). Conclusão: os indivíduos com DM apresentaram alta prevalência de alterações orais, destacando-se a xerostomia, doença periodontal e alterações potencialmente malignas sugerindo que o diabetes pode influenciar o desenvolvimento e/ou agravamento das doenças orais.(AU)

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) affects about 425 million people worldwide. The oral cavity may become susceptible to the emergence of numerous changes from DM, such as xerostomia, infections, cheilitis, and gingival and periodontal changes. Objective: To determine the prevalence of oral cavity changes in patients with DM. Material and Method: The sample consisted of 118 individuals with DM assisted at basic family health units. The clinical characteristics of the patients were analyzed using an oral spatula and artificial lighting, and they were recorded on a form previously prepared. For the statistical analysis, the value of p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: From the sample, 38 (32.2%) individuals were men and 80 (67.8%) were women, with an average age of 63.6 years. Type 2 DM was the most frequent (n = 109 / 92.4%). There was a high prevalence of oral changes, namely xerostomia, which showed association with medication use (p = 0.049) and a higher frequency of periodontal disease in individuals aged ≤ 60 years (p <0.0001). Most of the individuals who used oral hypoglycemic agents did not present the disease (77.8%; p = 0.035). Potentially malignant lesions were associated with the male sex (65.2%, p <0.0001) and individuals over 60 years old (82.6%, p <0.015). Conclusion: Individuals with DM presented a high prevalence of oral changes, especially xerostomia, periodontal disease, and potentially malignant changes, suggesting that diabetes may affect the development and/or aggravation of oral diseases.(AU)